Simulation Support Of Large Scale Exercises

Traditionally, the Army has favored the large-scale, multiechelon exercise because it provided the closest approximation to conditions encountered in actual warfare. But exercises that depend on large numbers of combat vehicles maneuvering freely over a wide area may no longer be a viable training strategy outside of a military installation. Such exercises are becoming increasingly difficult because of cost, environmental, and political constraints. In addition, as the Army faces a future in which its mission is likely to shift from forward-deployed defense of overseas areas to contingency operations in any part of the world, traditional large-scale ground maneuvers may become even more difficult to perform. These issues have been particularly important in Germany, where one of the more prominent large exercises, REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany), took place annually during the 1970s and 1980s. This type of exercise faced growing constraints arising from its increasing cost and the German public's loss of patience with the damage and disruption that inevitably accompany such maneuvers. As a result, U.S. Army, Europe, decided to experiment with different ways of conducting exercises to determine if there was a better alternative. Caravan Guard 89 (CG 89) and Centurion Shield 90 (CS 90, a REFORGER exercise) were selected as vehicles to test alternative exercise modes, including the use of simulations. This report describes the four exercise modes used in the CG 89 and CS 90 exercises, i.e., field training exercise (FTX), command field exercise (CFX), command post exercise (CPX), and computer-assisted exercise (CAX); it analyzes these exercises to determine each one's advantages and disadvantages; and it makes recommendations about future large-scale, multiechelon exercises. The authors conclude that simulations should be the primary training mode, with selected command elements in the field to achieve specific objectives. (3 tables, 2 figures, 9 refs.).