Anetso The Cherokee Ball Game

"This is a careful and innovative consideration of a remarkable and enduring Native American ritual. Zogry reflects deeply, critically, and sensibly on an amazing array of issues of theoretical interest to the study of religion, culture, game, ritual, secrecy, colonial contact, and even the impact of tourism on culture. An important and informative work."---SAM D. GILL, University of Colorado at Boulder "Zogry presents a very well researched, ethically grounded, and theoretically informed study of Anetso, the Cherokee ball game, which will instruct students of Native American religions, Cherokee traditions and history, and the anthropology of sport. A valuable book that is based on impressive archival and ethnographic work."---Michael d. Mcnally, Carleton College Anetso, a centuries-old Cherokee ball game still played today, is a vigorous, sometimes violent activity that rewards speed, strength, and agility. At the same time, it is the focus of several linked ritual activities. Is it a sport? Is it a religious ritual? Could it possibly be both? Why has it lasted so long, surviving through centuries of upheaval and change? Based on his work in the field and in the archives, Michael J. Zogry argues that members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Nation continue to perform selected aspects of their cultural identity by engaging in anetso, itself the hub of an extended ceremonial complex, or cycle. Historically, this complex has featured virtually every activity that Cherokee people and non-Cherokee observers have identified as elemental to Cherokee "religion" or "ritual," However, interpreted as "game" within a broader framing of "religion," anetso simultaneously resists and problematizes such classifications. A precursor to lacrosse, anetso appears in all manner of Cherokee cultural narratives and has figured prominently in the written accounts of non-Cherokee observers for almost three hundred years. The anetso ceremonial complex incorporates a variety of activities that, taken together, complicate standard scholarly distinctions such as game versus ritual, public display versus private performance, and tradition versus innovation. Thus examination of this Cherokee bail game and the ceremonial complex that it anchors provides a striking opportunity for a rethinking of the understanding of ritual and performance as well as their relationship to cultural identity. Zogry draws on extensive cultural consultation with members of the Cherokee community in western North Carolina, undertaken with the approval of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Nation Tribal Council, as well as thorough archival research, to offer a sharp reappraisal of scholarly discourse on the Cherokee religious system, with particular focus on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Nation.